The extrasolar system Citadelle-Indépendance

The extrasolar system Citadelle-Indépendance

(HD1502 & HD1502b)

Rulx Narcisse^1,2,4, Eliode Pierre^1,2,4, Emmanuel Stéphane Laurent^1,3,4, Ginette Perodin Mathurin^1,3,4, Eloïse Masseni Dorléans^1,2,4, Quimelin Max Jerome Thermil^1,4, Johnsky Augustin^1,4, Charley Paya^1,4, Nelson Inosias^1,2,4 & Samuel Fleuranvil^1,2,4

1. Comite Nationale ExoWorlds Haiti http://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/haiti  
2. Societe Haitienne d'Astronomie (SHA) haittianastronomicalsociety@rocketmai.com https://haitiastronomie.blogspot.com/p/home.html 
3. Fondation Dr Daniel Mathurin (FDDM) https://www.fondationdrdanielmathurin.org/ 
4. Astronomie en Haiti-SHA https://tinyurl.com/Astronomie-en-Haiti-SHA 

Abstract: The 8.36 visual magnitude star HD 1502, lying at 626.09 light-years from Earth, & its unique confirmed exoplanet HD 1502b have just been officially named in December 2019 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) « Citadelle » & Independence », respectively, names provided by an Haitian teen (Dimitry Daanly Pierre). We review here some properties of this star and its exoplanet discovered in 2011 and present a very recent photograph of this star taken at Las Cumbres Observatory. We are using here updated data obtained from the NASA Exoplat Archive (NASA Exoplanet Science Institute).The National Committee of Haiti & some motivated Haitians have been highly involved for this result despite sociopolitical trouble background.

Keywords: exoplanet, star, HD1502, HD1502b, Haiti, IAU100 NameExoworlds, Citadelle, Independance, Dimitri, Pierre,  Daanly

Introduction

The planets, from their ancient definition ("planets": "vagabonds") to the precision of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 [1], , have been confirmed since 1995 even around other stars (other than our Sun). We call them now in a very global contemporary context and, because of diplomacy, there must be no more cultural supremacy in the cosmos. During an exoworld naming campaign recently launched with the philosophy of inclusion by the IAU [2] the Haitian Astronomical Society [Société Haïtienne d’Astronomie (SHA)] was engaged, through the erection and coordination of a National Committee ("ExoWorlds Haiti Committee" (CEH) (see figure 6 at the end of this article), to lead this naming campaign for the star HD 1502 & the extrasolar planet HD 1502b.

On December 17, 2019, the IAU officially announced the results; so for Haiti, the names chosen for the system is Citadelle-Independence, names proposed by Dimitri Daanly Pierre. We will see the whole process initiated by the IAU & SHA to achieve this result appreciated by the Haitian scientists & intellectual minority in a country in socio-economic crisis.

Literature Survey

The existence of extrasolar planets (exoplanets) have been predicted since ancient times by Greek atomic philosophers like Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurusi [3], [4], though contradicted by Aristotle. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Giordano Bruno stated that, among other things, they existed with a style that the Church of the time treated heresy (thus condemning the author at the funeral pyre (bûcher)). After the announcement of a confirmed exoplanet in 1992 around the pulsar PSR1257 + 12 [5] , it was the Swiss Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz who, at the Observatory of Haute-Provence, confirmed an exoplanet in orbit around a solar-type star [6]. They won the Nobel Prize 2019 for such an exploit.

From the early twentieth century, astronomers, technology evolving, were engaged in cataloging celestial objects. One of these catalog projects was funded by Henry Draper's widow and made between 1919 - 1924 by Annie Jump Cannon and his colleagues at the Harvard College Observatory, under the direction of Edward Charles Pickering. The resulting HD catalog (for Henry Draper) contained a star number 1502 which will be very special for Haitians [7].

With this profusion of catalogs of celestial objects, this star was also identified (with other number) in several catalogs: for example, in the Bonner Durchmusterung catalog (BD + 13 34), in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog (SAO 91 845). In the space area, the satellite Hypparcos also allowed to catalog: HIP 1547 [8]. See Table 1 for Citadelle catalog references). In the equatorial coordinate system, it can be localized with the following data: Right Ascension (AD): 00h19m17.07s and Declination (DEC): + 14d03m17.1s

Table 1 : Different code of the star Citadelle according to the catalogs, with almost the same equatorial coordinates.

HD 1502	GEN# +1.00001502	2MASS J00191704+1403172	TYC 601-636-1
AG+13 24	GSC 00601-00636	PPM 116337	YZ 13 77
AGKR 238	HIC 1547	SAO 91845	Gaia DR2 2768172019308167296
BD+13 34	HIP 1547	SPOCS 2042	WISE J001917.12+140317.0

Source: SIMBAD, Université de Strastbourg, C.D.S. - SIMBAD4 rel 1.7 – 2019.11.18CET05:34:41 http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/

The CEH particularly used the designation HD 1502 because being the one used in the various correspondence with NameExoWorlds, a global project in celebration of 100 years of UAI, coordinating this international movement of naming of exomonde within the framework of the centenary of the organization  [http://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/ ].

Came the area of the exoplanets. As of November 17, 2019, there were 4,133 confirmed exoplanets in 3,067 systems, with 672 systems comprising more than one planet [9], especially with space technology (particularly Kepler) & active & adaptive optics technologies of large ground based observatories (Chile, Hawaii, etc). In a series of Doppler and photometric observations at Keck, McDonald, and Fairborn observatories, in 2011 a team led by John Asher Johnson not only re-evaluated stellar parametric data (Table 2), discovered the HD 1502b exoplanet 2.7 Mjup (Jovian mass) gravitating in 428.5 days around his star (Table 3) [10] .This star metallicity is [Fe/H]=0.09 & an approximative age of 2.4 billions years (Johnson & al, 2011. ApJS 197:26).

Table 2:

Star	RA [sexagesimal]	Dec [sexagesimal]	Gaia Distance [pc]	Optical Magnitude [mag]	Effective Temperature [K]	Stellar Mass [Solar mass]	Stellar Radius [Solar radii]
HD 1502 (Citadelle)	00h19m17.07s	+14d03m17.1s	191.96 (2.78)	8.36	4947	1.46	4.67

Source: NASA Exoplanet Science Institute https://tinyurl.com/y76s3cxf (Date of Last Update:12/06/18)

Table 3:

Planet Name	Discovery Method	Number of Planets in System	Orbital Period [days]	Orbit Semi-Major Axis [AU])	Eccentricity	Planet Mass or M*sin(i) [Jupiter mass]	Discovery Facility
HD 1502 b (Indépendance)	Radial Velocity	1  confirmed	428.5 (1.2)	1.262000 (0.092)	0.031000 (0.022)	2.7 (0.16)	W. M. Keck Observatory

Source: NASA Exoplanet Science Institute https://tinyurl.com/y76s3cxf (Date of Last Update:12/06/18)


According to an established convention [11], , the first planet of a star system will carry the suffix b, the second c, and so on. Only one exoplanet is so far confirmed around HD 1502 & its catalog name is HD 1502b.

The exoplanet was discovered as part of a series of above-mentioned surveys of giant stars with a special position in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (H-R diagram), a graphical representation of stellar evolution and a key tool for evaluation of their temperature and luminosity,  [12], [13]. Distinct from the main sequence and belonging to the branch of the red subgiants, HD 1502 is of K0 spectroscopic type. (See figure 1)

Fig. 1.— In this H-R diagram, we can see the distribution of the effective temperatures and luminosities of the Keck sample of subgiants (filled circles) compared to the full CPS Keck target sample (gray diamonds). In red are stars with confirmed planets: the star Citadelle is one of them (Source:Johnson & al, 2011. ApJS 197:26)

Several methods can currently be used to detect an exoplanet: Doppler technique (radial velocity measurement), infrared spectroscopy, Doppler measurement from space, transit detection (first exoplanet discovered in 1999 by this method: HD 209458b ), direct imagery (very difficult because stars are too bright compared to their planets and would require a large angular resolution), gravitational micro-lens, astrometry & statistical distributions of exoplanet properties [14]. It was by the radial velocity that Independence (then designated only HD 1502b) was discovered.

Radial velocity is a concept that a star and its planet both revolve around a common gravitational point, causing a shift in the system (a periodic reciprocal movement often compared to the movement of a hammer thrower) detected from Earth by Doppler effect. The following figure (Fig. 2) shows the radial velocity data obtained for the HD 1502 system, from a series of 18 systems evaluated during this Keck Observatory survey from 2007 to 2011.

Fig. 2.— Relative RV [m/s] of the star Citadelle (HD 1502) [from a global figure of 9 data] measured at Keck Observatory from 2007 to 2011. The error bars are the quadrature sum of the internal measurement uncertainties and jitter estimates. The dashed line shows the best-fitting orbit solution of a single Keplerian orbit, with a linear trend where appropriate.  (Source:Johnson & al, 2011. ApJS 197:26)

In November 2019, SHA began photographing HD 1502 with a 0.4 meter telescope at Las Cumbres Observatory (https://observe.lco.global/) as part of a Global Sky Partners drafted especially for training. One of these original and unpublished photos is presented here (fig 3):

Figure 3: The star Citadelle, catalog name HD 1502, in the center of this image, photographed on November 14, 2019 by a 0.4 meter telescope of the Las Cumbres Observatory network. The science instrument on the telescope was a SBIG STX6303 camera mounted at the Cassegrain focus ((c) Copyright SHA 2019. Image taken using Las Cumbres Observatory / Edward Gomez) https://astrophoto-haiti.blogspot.com/2019/11/hd-1502.html

Fig. 4: false color processing by the software "SAO Image DS9" of one of the photos of Citadelle obtained on November 14, 2019 in a 0.4 meter telescope of Las Cumbres Observatory. ((c) Copyright SHA 2019)

Problem Definition

Naming a star (and constellations) is not a new venture. Astronomers (and some influential people) had begun to do this since ancient times. Amateur astronomers are familiar with some of the names that have arrived in our time: Aldebaran (Alpha Scorpii), Betelgeuse (Alpha Orioni), etc. There are others that are not familiar from other cultures on the planet Earth: Tongan culture (Tonga) [15], [16], [17], tupi-guarani in Polynesia [18] or the Lapone culture, to name just a few.

In modern epoc, with the stellar harvest brought by increasingly large telescopes, the lack of names was felt (apart from catalog numbers used by professional astronomers). However, more than one would like to assign a name (or that of a relative) to a celestial object; faced with this demand and having no offer at all, some unreliable people are taking over the market (scam). And then the IAU intervened: a first exoplanet naming campaign was launched in 2015 with a very low Haitian participation: 20 out of 573242 valid votes [19]).

A second campaign was launched in 2019 and this time will be the chance for HD 1502 & HD 1502b to have, in addition to their catalog designation which will always be used, proper names for themselves.

Methodology / Approach

The 2019 campaign was based on a different methodology from that of 2015: a decentralized process carried out by national committees of each country wishing to do so, to which a star system was awarded by the IAU100 NameExoWorlds Steering Committee, according to criteria well determined.

The proposed names were to be in one of the 2 Haitian official languages, names of things, persons (deceased before 1918 or not yet alive) or places with long-standing cultural, historical or geographical significance, worthy of attribution to a celestial object. These names should also follow a common denomination theme without being offensive or be names of people, places or events primarily known for their political, military or religious activities.

SHA then formed the CEH, bringing together Haitian professionals of all horizons (astronomer, doctor, engineer, student, professor, anthropologist, religious, linguist). This committee met at the Dr. Daniel Mathurin Foundation whose founder & CEO were part of the Committee. The latter contained 2 women out of a total of 10 members (authors of this informative article), female participation being an important point in the inclusive philosophy of the IAU.


A 3-step strategy was developed, the first 2 of which were executed by the CEH & the last by the IAU100 NameExoWorlds Steering Committee according to a precise timetable:
1. Collect Haitian-originated names with a mixed platform (online https://haitiastronomie.blogspot.com/p/propositions-de-noms-pour-exoworlds.html and offline) from August 1st to 26th 2019. After this date, the CEH used the criteria of the IAU to finally have 9 finalists who were posted on the online platform for the votes.
2. Vote online from 1 to 30 September 2019 (https://haitiastronomie.blogspot.com/p/platforme-ii.html): this election allowed us to have 3 winners, each consisting of a couple of star-exoplanet name, with names in back-up for possible future discoveries of stellar companion (many stars are doubles and even triples) and / or additional exoplanets. This step was executed during a backdrop of aggravation of the Haitian socio-political crisis impacting the participation of the population. The results were sent to the IAU well before the deadline of November 15, especially to mitigate the risk of not being able to do so in the event of a socio-political escalation in what is commonly referred to locally as " country-lock ".
3. The third step was that of IAU: it announced the results of NameExoWorlds on December 17, 2019 during a ceremony at the Cassini Room of the Observatory of Paris (France) between 11:00 and 12:00 ( CET).

Results & Discussion

In addition to their catalog name, HD 1502 & HD 1502b will now also be named "Citadelle" & "Indépendance" respectively, names being proposed by Dimitri Daanly Pierre, a 15-year-old Haitian teenager from the city of Cap Haitien .

Inclusively, Haiti is now present in the sky (by its culture and history), at the level of the constellation of the Fish (Pisces), visible with a small telescope (visual magnitude: 8.36) or virtually in astronomical software like this Stellarium screenshot showing Citadelle under its catalog number HIP 1547 (see fig 5). The current generation has not yet understood the scope of such an event made possible by the IAU, most likely because of survivalist priorities induced by the socio-political disorders mentioned. But there is still a group of motivated and visionary who have been able to catch this futuristic and multi-generational concept to participate in elections and choose set of Haitian names for the HD 1502 star system.

Figure 5: Screen capture from Stellarium software

The figure 5 shows the same star (Citadelle) viewed in Stellarium software under the catalog denomination HIP 1547 (see also table 1). These

data are from the Hipparcos satellite.

The selection of the proposed names was not easy; during a meeting at the Dr. Daniel Mathurin Foundation, ambiguous proposals were immediately eliminated while others were accepted at first; successive correspondences with the IAU100 NameExoWorlds Steering Committee have made it possible to better understand the concept of militarization of some of the names accepted by the CEH, names that are nevertheless important in the historical context of Haiti. In spite of the anticipated grumbling and to respect all the criteria of the IAU, 9 names of stellar systems were presented online to the Haitian public and the Citadelle-Indépendance star system is now the definitive selection.

Haitian mythology (voodoo), folklore, Haitian literature were very present and the CEH was both proud and honored to (re) discover these facts of history and the spirits (gods) who attach our bowels to this nowadays so criticized land known as Haiti.
Conclusion
The SHA (registered scientific association  number MAST# STW-26129) was able to form the CEH which, according to the criteria of the IAU, proceeded to the reception of candidate names and the election of Citadelle-Indépendance as official names for the Star HD 1502 & HD 1502b.

The IAU made the official announcement on December 17, 2019 at the Observatoire de Paris. Although located at 191.96 pc (626.09 light-years) from the Earth, this system definitely shows the presence of the culture & history of Haiti in the sky, an inclusive and innovative concept of which the UAI is the leader.
Future Scope
Haiti is a country very marked by its history and culture but not enough by science. This presence of our history in scientific nomenclature can be a springboard for a better engagement of our young people in the near future. Yet the process of stellar evolution or planetary formation could be approached in an academic environment taking Citadelle-Indépendance as model .
Future generations, surely better oriented in astronomy, will be able to complete this list with other celestial objects waiting to be named in turn, a task for which the IAU has shown competence.

Exoplanet research is a fairly visionary sector in which humans inclusively intend to explore the diversity of our universe, to study the physical and physical processes of planetary systems, to increase their statistical knowledge of the planet system properties of our galaxy, to better understand the planetary models, to have elements of answers about extraterrestrial life and even find a planet similar to the Earth.

Acknowledgments

We especially want to thank some people without whom this existing adventure would not have started: Mrs. Wanda Diaz Merced who helped  to guide us, Eduardo Monfardini Penteado who never tired to respond promptly to our worries and the whole team of the IAU.
Special thanks to Ramasamy Venugopal who put us on the trail of Las Cumbres Observatory which, through Edward Gomez, allowed us to have original photographs of Citadelle
We must also thank all the Haitians (from Haiti and the Diaspora) who answered the call and proposed names for this star system; they also managed to vote in spite of the socio-economic troubles which could have led them to relegate such an action to the calendar of the uncertain.

References

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4: Bailey Cyril , The Greek Atomists and Epicurus: A Study., 1964
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11: Hessman, F. V.; Dhillon, V. S.; Winget, D. E.; Schreiber, M. R.; Horne, K.; Marsh, T. R.; Guenther, E.; Schwope, A.; Heber, U. , On the naming convention used for multiple star systems and extrasolar planets, 2010
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19: IAU, Statistics Country 2015 edition , 2015

Author Profile with Photo

Figure 6: The authors of this informative article, from left to right: Samuel Fleuranvil, Charley Paya, Eloise Dorleans Masseni, Rulx Narcisse, Emmanuel Stéphane Laurent, Nelson Inosias and Eliode Pierre (two of the authors are missing in this photo: Ginette P. Mathurin & Quimelin Max Jerome Thermil)

• Rulx Narcisse: Doctor OBGYN (State University of Haiti) & Expert in Astronomy (Bircham International University), he is the co-founder & President of the Haitian Society of Astronomy (SHA). He is also certified in Development Project Management (Inter-American Institute for Economic & Social Development (INDES / BID)) and Computer Programming (Ashworth University).
• Eliode Pierre: Doctor OBGYN (State University of Haiti) & Master in Population (State University of Haiti), he is the co-founder & Councilor of the Haitian Society of Astronomy (SHA).
• Emmanuel Stéphane Laurent: anthropologist (Haiti State University), Cultural Engineer (Martinique Organization for the Promotion of Arts and Culture), lecturer at the UEH. He is also the CEO of the Dr. Daniel Mathurin Foundation.
• Ginette Perodin Mathurin: Engineer (Faculty of Science, State University of Haiti), CEO of the GPM Consulting and Execution Office, teacher at SODAD (Master in Urban Planning) and President of the Dr. Daniel Mathurin Foundation.
• Eloïse Masseni Dorléans: Anthropologist (State University of Haiti), certified in the Astronomy course “From the solar system to the Big Bang” (Aix-Marseille University), member of the Haitian Society of Astronomy
• Johnsky Augustin, maths student, Université d'Etat d'Haïti, member of the Haitian Astronomical Society (SHA)
• Charley Paya: Educator, Prof. of English at UNAP (Autonom University of Port-au-Prince) and UIO Interpreter and translator, jurist at EDSEG (UEH), lover and trainer in Astronomy at the Adventist Community of Haiti, member of the Haitian Astronomical Society (SHA)
• Nelson Inosias: geologist and student in sociology at the Faculty of Ethnology (State University of Haiti). He is certified by the University Denghor in Egypt on the understanding and analysis of the stakes on the actions of sustainable development
• Samuel Fleuranvil: linguist / lawyer (FLA / FDSE-UEH) and student in theology at the Adventist University of Haiti (UNAH), he is a member of the Haitian Society of Astronomy and certified computer science (ADRA-Haiti).
• Quimelin Max Jerome Thermil, Professor-assistant of chemestry (Murray State University), member of Astronomie en Haïti-SHA